350
22 Biofunctionalized Nanomaterials for Sensing and Bioremediation of Pollutants
Table 22.1
(Continued)
Functionalized materiala)
Nanoparticle (NP)
Pollutant
References
Collagen
Supermagnetic
Oil
[32]
Soy protein
Zero-valent iron
Multiple oil-based
pollutants
[33]
Pb-specific metalloprotein
Calcium alginate
Pb(II)
[34]
Enzymes
Laccase
Chitosan
Chlorophenol, dyes
[35]
Phosphohydrolase
Lipid-coated NP
Ethyl-paraoxon
[36]
Metalloenzyme
Magnetic NP
Paraoxon
[37]
Peroxidase
Fe3O4
Azo dyes
[38]
a)
Biological origin or their conjugation to nanoparticles is mediated via bio-synthesized
linker/adapter/stabilizer/nanoparticles.
preparation of rosin amidoxime-conjugated nanoparticles is simple, precise, and
economical and carried out at 45 ∘C by the co-precipitation method. The final
product is filtered, washed, and dried at 30 ∘C. These nanoparticles can easily
be separated after application using an external magnetic field [14]. Chitosan
has shown promising results in water treatment application as flocculant. It
degrades at a prolonged rate and leaves no harmful residues to the environment.
Chitosan can also neutralize metallic pollution in water through the formation
of chelates. In chelation, metal particles get attached to several areas on the
polymeric chain and form a cage-like framework, which is then separated easily
from the solution [15]. Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid conjugated with car-
bon nanoparticles provides enhanced hydrophobic interaction and has a high
level of polymerization. These types of nanoparticles can be used to treat crude
(with an efficiency of 80%) as well as refined (with an efficiency of 91%) form
of petroleum [16]. 1,7-Octadiene-conjugated silica nanoparticles synthesized by
plasma polymerization and radiofrequency-assisted reactor have been successfully
tested for the removal of aromatic hydrocarbons. In the initial test with motor
oil, 1,7-octadiene-conjugated silica nanoparticles have registered 99.5% adsorp-
tion efficacy in 10 minutes of exposure time. Polyvinylpyrrolidone-conjugated
magnetic nanoparticles also showed comparable results when tested on aromatic
hydrocarbon-based pollution [17]. The cell wall of bacteria can also be used as a
polymer for remediation purposes. The cell wall of Alcanivorax borkumensis can
be doped with altered polyelectrolyte–magnetic nanoparticles and can be used
for decomposing oil-based pollutants [18]. Azo dye wastes are one of the most
prominent types of pollutants from textile industries. Discharge of these dyestuffs
to water bodies leads to a sudden change in the vital physicochemical parameters
like salinity, biological/chemical oxygen demand, pH, temperature, and salinity. It
also possesses a threat to aquatic life forms. Azo dyes have an anthropogenic origin,